Ethical theories Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethical theories - Research Paper Example There is a way of classifying ethical theories. It begins by evaluating a given theory based on how it connects the right conduct with the right character. Some theories evaluate that the consequences of a given conduct is due to its right conduct. However, the theories focus less on moral character. Such theories are classified as teleological. Theories that focus more on the moral character are classified as deontological. Another way is evaluating the theories based on its consequences if they exist. There are theories with more emphasis on the consequences. They are classified as consequentialist. Those that do not concentrate on the consequences are classified as non consequentialist. The other way is determining how many principles that guide each theory’s view concerning morality of actions. Some theories only rely on a single rule to determine the morality of an action. Such theories are classified as monistic. The theories that rely on multiple rules are classified as pluralistic, for example, the moral life of a nun. A nun’s moral life does not match with a mother’s moral life; however, there is no measure to determine which is preferable. Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism. It deals with more with consequences of these theories. According to studies, the utilitarianism is easy to apply. Furthermore, it has specifications for what is wrong or right. It has clear-cut choices between actions. However, utilitarianism has its own disadvantages. The theory often depends on predicting the results of actions. It is not easy to know the consequences of certain actions. Researchers argue that the calculations used to determine the right actions in this theory are time consuming and very complicated. Furthermore, the theory does not identify any individual rights violated for the sake of the great good. Due to the above disadvantages, some scholars proposed a modification to the theory. The modification will demand the behavior to be

Risk And Adults With Learning Disabilities

Risk And Adults With Learning Disabilities A significantly reduced ability to understand new or complex information, to learn new skills (impaired intelligence), with a reduced ability to cope independently (impaired social functioning); and a condition which started before adulthood, with a lasting effect on development (Scottish Executive, 2010). People with learning disabilities comprise of a highly vulnerable section of the society, who have limited access to health care facilities / services offered to them. They are often faced with obstacles and challenges while copying with grave situations such as loss and bereavement of loved ones, personal illness, death etc (Elliott, 1995). This, in turn, tends to aggravate their situation and increase their dependence on the society which includes their friends, family and loved ones as well as the community in general. They are known to have been ignored persistently in terms of providing services in the need of personal illness, death, and other challenging life situations, thus increasing their vulnerability all the more. Risk vulnerability: People with learning disabilities are one of the most vulnerable groups in the society (Department of Health 2001). People with learning disabilities has probably one of the worst histories is neglect and ill treatment in any group of society. Among the most vulnerable members of society they cant speak up for themselves. Concepts of risk assessment and management in psychiatry increasingly reflect public and professional anxieties that people with a mental disorder may harm others (Simon Halstead (997). At risk are the mens victims whose suffering was often exacerbated by service providers failure to protect them. For example, if consequences are limited when a man with learning disabilities abuses another person with learning disabilities, the victim may be left with the idea that such behaviour is normal and acceptable, and that services will provide little protection and that their complaints will not be heard. It may also increase their vulnerability to further abuse because abuse can become normalised (McCarthy and Thompson, 1996). The oxford dictionary define noun risk as meaning a hazard, a dangerous, exposure to mischance or peril, as verb it also similar which means hazard, to danger, to expose to the chance of injury or loss(P. Parsloe, 2005). Risk is closely linked to dangerousness, resulting in harm which seems to be agreed means harm to self or others and extend of harm which constitutes a risk in various situations especially adult with learning disabilities. If you dont know for sure what will happen, but you know the odd that is risk and if you dont know the odd that is uncertainty (Knight, 1921). From this definition of risk concentrate upon the probabilistic components in knowledge, and is agnostic as to whether this involves probabilities of good of bad outcomes. Royal Society(1983), risk assessment which saw as the probability that a particular adverse event occurs and social services has been concerned predominate with risk assessment to prevent harm. They may also suffer further if they have to deal with seeing their perpetrator on a regular basis, and may be subject to further assaults in retaliation of their initial complaint. It has been noted above how services frequently respond inadequately to the abuse of people with learning disabilities by men with learning disabilities: only rarely will the police be involved and most victims will have no option but to continue to see their attacker on a daily basis (Thompson, 1997). In addition to the risks to existing victims, poor responses may result in increasing numbers of people being abused. Definiation of vulanarable adult in section 80(6) care standard act 2000 states that- (a) an adult to whom accomodation and nursing or personal care are provided in care hom (b) in adult to whom personal care is provided in their own home under arrangements mad by a domiliciary care agency.(Ian. PeateD.Fearns-2006) Adult with learnign disabilities, and thos peopl who have a lescapcity like who have mental illness, old and frail,need protection from potentially abusive sitaution over which they might have little control (Department of Health,2000). Learning Disability Adolescents obviously do not always act in ways that serve their own best interests, even as defined by them. Sometimes their perception of their own risks, even of survival to adulthood, is larger than the reality; in other cases, they underestimate the risks of particular actions or behaviours. It is possible, indeed likely, that some adolescents engage in risky behaviours because of a perception of invulnerability-the current conventional wisdom of adults views of adolescent behaviour. Others, however, take risks because they feel vulnerable to a point approaching hopelessness (Fischhoff et al., 2000). In either case, these perceptions can prompt adults to make poor decisions that can put them at risk and leave them vulnerable t o physical or psychological harm that may have a negative impact on their long-term health and viability. Learning Disabilities: Risk Assessment Decision Making Process/ Practice Tools: Every day a lot of risk situation changes rapidly and what applied yesterday but may not today. Those service users who are identified as at risk would be provided highly effective instruction to reduce their risk in the identified area (e.g., language, reading, numeracy/ math, behaviour). Service users whose response to instruction moved them out of risk status would receive no further supplemental intervention. Service users whose response to well-documented, effective, and well-implemented instruction was low or who remained at risk would be considered for placement in special education. Thus, potentially, many Users could benefit from this type of an identification procedure. (S.Vaughn and Lynn S. Fuchs, 2003). For minimize risk and make it useful and meaningful, may risk situations need to be reassessed regularly perhaps daily basis according service users daily need. People with learning disabilities are subject to risk all time due to their vulnerability they sometimes abused by those who have control over them or by those who realize that they are vulnerable because of their disabilities they often find it very much more difficult to assess risk the way most of us do. While most of carer don dont asses risk very efficiently they generally make some attempt to do so. Its not easy at all to do risk assessment as it is a complex task and most of the time carer or support worker they do adequately but not very thoroughly. Adult with learning disabilities they always find this difficult and also fail to recognize any risk at all as they cant explain due to lack of communication. In spite of some difficulties, there is an increasing awareness that people with learning disabilities can make choices, moreover they want to do so. However its often fail to consider is that, the amount of risk that these choices carry and most of us have grown up accustomed to risk-taking. Life is full risks we all take risk all the time and the more familiar they are the less we tend to recognize the real level of risk involved.(Refe). Many problems about assessing risk that different services user may perceive the different risk. What is acceptable to one person may not be acceptable to another. Main objective of the risk assessment when its possible may sometimes affect decision making in number of different ways. Its true many people with learning disabilities who are always facing risk in their everyday life. Significantly about choice decision sometimes its difficult for adult as well carer to make right choice how could be at risk. The difficulty for people with learning disabilities is that carers often do feel often they are expected to make these choices for them. The law of negligence can appear to inhibit decision making personal freedom and choice sit uncomfortably next to the concepts of duty of care and professional liability (Ref.). people with learning disabilities may not have done perhaps carers need to be encourage to help their service users how to make choices with and appreciation of the risk involved. This is more challenging task than just encouraging choice alone it seems that not only should people with learning be allowed to make choices and take risk they should actively be encourage to do. Multidisciplinary Risk Assessment: The problem with the right to make choices is that it assumes that adult with learning disabilities are able to make choice about risk in the same way every one does(Refe.). we have to acknowledge that adult with learning disabilities do have real difficulties with many cognitive takes. Most we have problems in assessing risk effectively because of the complexity of doing so it is likely that people with learning disabilities will find the particular difficult. The assessment of ability to consent and the ability to make real choice, especially in relation to understanding the likely consequences of the choices or decision made. It could be helpful when any risk assessment pan to do like- If carer want to take any decision about the adult person, Is person are aware that about their decision at all? Are they communicating their choice decision making? Giving people with learning disabilities more choice especially about taking risk, its mean that carer have to be alert to the extent to which the service users are able realistically to assess the level of risks involved(Ref.). In order to decide when risk is acceptable, they need to consider a large number of pieces of information which is decision making become difficult for carer/support worker. Many adult with learning disabled the most successful way to avoid and minimize risk to avoid further problem is by effective management. When the person concerned may have been living in a setting where the opportunities for such behaviour have been very limited or absent, carers and professionals are sometimes tempted to assume that because the recent past has been incident-free the problem has disappeared. Risk Assessment: Never take someone with a learning disability swimming without first reviewing their risk assessment plan. A risk assessment is in place to address issues of importance such as dangers, hazards, and known triggers and how best to avoid them. Make sure you are familiar with the particular risks that you could face with the person in your care and that you have put measures in place to reduce, or eliminate, them. Assessment is a complex and time consuming task and it is a continuous process. Assessment of risk for adult with learning disabilities which should be evolutionary in nature constantly informed and shaped by changes of circumstances upon service users needs (M.Brown, 2003). The practice of risk assessment and management is the process of data collection, recording, interpretation, communication and implementation of risk reduction plan (Maden, 1996). For the risk of learning disability, clinical model of risk assessment have become the norm. There are two kinds of risk that are relevant to work people with learning disabilities, risk of unnecessary exposure to undesirable events or experience, and risk of negative consequences when possible benefits and desirable experiences are perused (Paul William, 2006). Above this it is clear that a strategy of prevention should implement, and management is required so that risk and benefit are balanced. In social care and health care there are broadly two main context of risk which are not provided and everyday risk in their life. people with learning disability to have a history of formally documented offence. Conclusion People with learning disabilities are beginning to reclaim the lives they lost in the institutions, having choices, jobs, sex lives and even becoming parents unthinkable until even quite recently. Slowly, perhaps far too slowly, the rest of the community is beginning to realize that the majority of people with learning disabilities are not so different from everyone else, and need the same things in their lives that all of us do: work, leisure, partners, and a sense of being part of a social group. They want to feel useful and valued, as we all do. Life is full of risks. We all take risks all the time, and the more familiar they are the less we tend to recognize the real level of risk involved. We actually take the greatest risk in our lives every time that we step into a car, but few of us really consider that risk seriously. This is the other side of the coin; we are inclined to believe that it wont happen to me, even when the objective statistics suggest otherwise. The difficulty that now exists for people with learning disabilities, especially those with greater handicaps, and those who care for and support them, is that the law specifies that many such people are vulnerable, and not able to make this choice for themselves. They are considered to be unable to assess the risks involved and thus make an independent choice. The onus of assessing risk and making the decision therefore often rests with carers. Because it is such a difficult decision to make for someone else, carers often take the simple way out, and avoid letting situations arise where learning-disabled people in their care have the opportunity to develop sexual relationships: if a person cannot make an informed choice then perhaps it is easier not to offer them that choice. This is the current dilemma for those who work in community care situations. The issue of sexual relationships is perhaps the most difficult and complex, but this problem of balancing risk and choice is a constant one for carers and professionals, in relation to many aspects of everyday life. In the background is the ogre of the law (and/or local management), ready to jump on the unwary, should they get it wrong. No wonder, perhaps that many are cautious about enabling such choices to be made. Recommendation Social services departments have seen a rise in the numbers of vulnerable adults referred to them because they are at risk of physical and sexual abuse, as well as financial fraud, a study has found. The survey of directors of adult services suggests the fallout from the death of Baby Peter has influenced social workers attitudes to vulnerable adults with more older people or those with a learning disability deemed to be at risk of abuse being referred for assessment. Speaking ahead of the national children and adults conference that opens today in Harrogate, the Local Government Association (LGA) warned that adults services were coming under increasing strain and called for reform of the way adult social services are funded to meet the explosion in demand and escalating costs. In others for example, in the increase in the number of adult safeguarding referrals it might be that the higher profile of risk and vulnerability has led to a greater vigilance by our care staff and by members of the public alike.

In Vitro :: essays research papers

In Vitro Fertilization   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In vitro fertilization is a technique used to fertilize an egg outside of the woman’s body, usually done because of the failure of conception with normal sexual intercourse. For pregnancy to occur, a sperm must unite with an egg released from the ovary during sexual intercourse. Normally this joining, called fertilization, happens within the fallopian tube, which joins the ovary to the uterus. However, in some situations natural conception cannot occur because of factors affecting the couples’ fertility. In Vitro fertilization permits for the amalgamation of the male sperm cell and the female egg to happen in a laboratory instead of taking place in the fallopian tubes where this process would ordinarily happen. When looking at in vitro it seems to be a blessing to couples that cannot have children on their own. It seems to be a way for science to triumph over nature. But in that description lays the controversy. To some this procedure is a life givin g miracle that provides an opportunity for couples, who are by any other means unable to conceive a child, a second chance at bringing life into this world. While others would argue the ethical point claiming that this process is just a cover for infanticide and causing humans to play God. The moral question that arises from this procedure is: in allowing or assisting sperm to penetrate an egg when without help it would have otherwise not been able to do so, are we unnaturally, by human machination, over-riding one of nature’s barricades to inhibit fertilization? Also, if there is some sort of natural check and a reason that certain sperm fail to reach the egg, could it possible be for good reason that they do not? Is it possible that the sperm is ineffective because it obtains some genetic defect that would cause the child some form of inherited disease or some other deficiency? In other words, maybe there is some sort of natural or God-given rationale for filtering out some sperm. If this is true then we could be risking the possibility of manufacturing deformities and inherited diseases by assisting in the overcoming of a theological barrier.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The process of IVF involves five major steps: the first step being the monitoring of the development of the follicles in the woman’s ovaries. The second is aspiration of the follicle’s contents and identification of the eggs.

Produce a detailed and linguistically well-informed

Produce a detailed and linguistically well- informed analysis of the editor's letter from Elle magazine (July 2012) which focuses on the process of ‘synthetic personalisation By harpur91 Produce a detailed and linguistically well-informed analysis of the editor's letter from Elle magazine Ouly 2012) which focuses on the process of ‘synthetic personalisation What I am going to look like, in relevance to the above question, is the process of synthetic personalisation in the magazine, ELLE (July 2012).I am therefore going to nclude work produced by Norman Fairclough and his ideas on this process, but also including lexical features, conversationalisation; in which can be spilt up into numerous features combined under this discourse. Firstly, however, I am going to have to understand the terms In order to produce a detailed and linguistically well- Informed analysis of the editors letter from said magazine. The first area I am going to focus on is Synthetic personalisation'.F airclough defined this concept as being â€Å"a compensatory tendency to give the impression of treating each of the people handled' en masse as an individual† (Fairclough 2001 :52) this therefore it begins to become a process of addressing the mass audience, whilst speaking to them as they were Individuals. Thus, showing off an element of conversationalisatlon, not only that, but It begins to show Ideas of Informality with the language used throughout articles etc___ However when looking deeper into the Issue. we begin to see that this is only a cover-up, an attempt to give the impression that they are speaking on an informal, one-to-one basis.This therefore shows elements of manipulation; giving us, as the udience a false sense of intimacy, or fake intimacy (Hoggart 1957) with the writer. Furthermore this begins to signify the phoney sense of belonging we have with the text given, we are not seen as being an individual but as a collective group of people. Falrclough would t herefore describe and label the concepts spoken above as conversationallsation. As we begin to progress, we begin to see a clear difference In both private and public outputs. â€Å"People do not expect to be spoken down to, lectured or got at'.They expect to be spoken to in a familiar, friendly and informal anner as they were equals on the the same footing as the speaker† (Scannell, 1996:24) not only does this relate to radio and television, but it could be incorporated into the magazine and Journalist Industry. People reading Journalistic products such as ELLE magazine; expect to be treated In a certain way, a way In which Is Informal, conversational In order to gain that Illusion of Individualisation, rather than them addressing the audience as a whole.Conversationalisation is a â€Å"term used by Fairclough (1994:260) who describes it as ‘a restructuring of the boundary between ublic and private orders of discourse' Fairclough also notes that it involves the use of language that is normally associated with conversation† (Baker 2011 :22) because of tnls, we can Degln to see tnls development Detween tne relatlonsnlp 0T tne speaker and reader therefore creating this emotional connection, rather than it Just being informational.Furthermore â€Å"it could be argued that in capitalist societies, conversationalisation is often used as a way of securing customer loyalty by helping them create the appearance of a personal relationship† (Baker 2011 :23) this therefore inks back to the idea that companies/ in this case ELLE magazine writers have the ability to address a mass audience, but making them feel like they are being spoken to individually. And when it builds this relationship with the reader, they are able to exploit them through subtle, inclusive language.The editor's letter from ELLE magazine, shows off similar ideas of this informality of conversationalisation, we as the audience, when reading this text, may see it as being some thing you would sit amongst friends and chat about, thus giving that informal conversation (e. . â€Å"l wanted to pick the star of the show, the person you all want to date – sorry I mean meet) this shows that Joke like attitude women may converse in when with their girlfriends. Thus showing, in essence a form of popular opinion, allowing the readers to feel some sort of connection.Not only this, but specific language used throughout texts of this nature, i. e. fashion magazines, show a clear representation of that conversation amongst friends. And like said previously, the writer begins to address you as an individual, rather than a collective group. This therefore is a clear representation of language; that they are being supportive friends therefore helping another friend out in need. Lexical features are also used throughout this text in order to reinforce the idea of the writer personally addressing their ideas to an individual.For example, pronouns such as; l, you and we are used throughout this text, to make the reader feel connected to this historical fashion debut. An example of this would be; â€Å"this is the first time in ELLE's 27-year history we have put a man on the cover. I didn't take the decision lightly- after all, this is a LUXARY fashion magazine for women† not only is it addressing all women, whom have some sort of interest in fashion, but it begins to show off an element that, you as the reader had some sort of insight in picking and being a part of this event.Not only this, but the editor begins to apologise to those, whom thought R-Patz (Robert Pattinson) would grace their historical cover. â€Å"l feel I have to apologise to the R-Patz fans who hoped our first-ever cover man would be him (and told me repeatedly on Facebook and Twitter! ) Again, with the synthetic personalisation aspect, we begin to see that there is a clear formality of the writer-reader element. The fact they apologised, signifies the element of inti macy, thus allowing those to thought he would grace the cover, some clarification into why they chose David Beckham instead.When analysing the editor's letter in more detail, we begin to see the use of pronouns and how the language and context it is used in conforms to the idea of togetherness. The pronoun; we, is used during the letter, this therefore shows the representation of a hared identity of the audience, not only that but it becomes clear that the language used is in a specific way in which creates the idea of a togetherness for the audience, that they feel a part of this.The pronouns used do not Just simply and directly conform to the friendly stereotype between writer-reader but, they are also used in terms of exclusively, where there used amongst the editorial team therefore contributes to† setting up the producer as a team; the anonymous group voice is a Trlen01y gossip In tne orlentatlon Deneatn tn 5/6) tnls tnereTore hows that the editorial team act like a famil y, in which create the illusion of a wider- social informal friend-like association between writer-reader.For example â€Å"l knew I had made the right decision as I noted the giddiness among the editorial team before the shoot† this shows the clear representation of the pronouns used in order create the family-like background for the reader, it signifies a family into which collectively decides on what is right. And because of this, we as the audience/reader feel like this is addressing us on a personal/individual level. Not only does language ncorporate the idea of directly addressing an individual rather than a collective group, but the use of parenthesis can also create the idea of a quiet word between friends, therefore backing up this element.Within the editor's letter from ELLE â€Å"we have done two covers for the newsstand issue (so you can go out and buy the alternative, too) and a very SPECIAL illustrated collectors' cover for our loyal and much-valued subscribers (weVe also made a video for your eyes only, subscribers† with this, it represents ideas that if you are a loyal subscriber you can get extra ontent etc.. which therefore could symbolise ideas of your much closer friends. Therefore you are able to talk more and gain a more insightful understanding of the content. However this could be represented in a completely different light.The fact that this may mean the exploitation of individuals, in which creating the idea that you can get more from this issue if you become a subscriber, therefore reinforces the capitalist society. Overall when looking at what has been said, I can conclude that synthetic personalisation has played a massive part in the print industry, focusing ore on the fashion magazine ELLE, the fact we are able to see and understand the linguistic features used in order to create this illusion of a friendship connection between writer and reader and how, they have used their power in order to manipulate the audience .And because of this, the audience finds it more helpful knowing that they have some sort of â€Å"friend† to lend a helping hand. Not only that, but because the private and public have started to merge, we are seeing elements of public events being used for private consumption. But people are able to interpret hings different when there in private, than they could if they were in public.But overall, there are so many elements in ELLE magazine which represent the linguistic attributes in exploiting an audience through language and grammer.

Challenges and Best Practices in Corporate Governance

Former Finance Secretary Jesus Estanislao once compared good corporate governance as keeping one’s house in order. Most people want well-run households, one that keeps a lid on expenses while keeping things neat and clean and takes care of the various needs of family members. In the business setting, a clean house is more attractive to prospective investors. Good corporate governance promotes transparency, accountability and responsibility. Corporate governance is not just about ethical conduct or being transparent and fair to stakeholders, it is also a means to improve a company’s performance, competitiveness and sustainability. In the Philippines, compliance with corporate governance codes is still relatively low. It is probably an offshoot of the way most Asian economies do business, which is largely personal and based on connections—whether by family, affinity or friends. In addition, the adoption of good corporate governance practices is a function of a firm’s financial performance. In Singapore for example, a relatively developed economy, a recent report showed a widening gap between companies with strong and weak corporate governance policies. But it is when crisis occurs when the defects in corporate governance are seen. Learning curves for the adoption of scorecards and best practices for corporate governance are a tad high, and maybe difficult for several companies to implement. Dr. Estanislao once said that his advocacy for companies in the Philippines to adopt good corporate governance standards is a slow burn. But someone has to do it, and progress must start as soon as possible so it can also blossom faster.